Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

35 lessons, pages 2271–2305.

  1. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers — Comparing oxygen attachment and functional-group behavior
  2. Nomenclature of Alcohols — Naming hydroxyl-bearing chains and polyols
  3. Nomenclature of Phenols — Naming aromatic hydroxyl compounds and ring substituents
  4. Nomenclature of Ethers — Naming alkoxy substituents and cyclic ethers
  5. Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohols and Phenols — Connecting O–H interactions to physical properties
  6. Alcohol and Ether Solubility — Balancing polar oxygen and hydrocarbon size
  7. Classifying Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols — Counting carbon neighbors of the hydroxyl-bearing carbon
  8. Preparation of Alcohols by Hydration — Adding water across alkene bonds
  9. Alcohols from Carbonyl Reduction — Reducing aldehydes and ketones to alcohols
  10. Alcohols from Haloalkane Substitution — Replacing halogen with hydroxyl under suitable conditions
  11. Alcohols from Grignard Addition — Building carbon skeletons with organomagnesium reagents
  12. Acidity of Alcohols — Alkoxide formation and effects of structure
  13. Acidity of Phenols — Phenoxide resonance stabilization and comparison with alcohols
  14. Substituent Effects on Phenol Acidity — Inductive and resonance effects on phenoxide stability
  15. Alcohol Reaction with Active Metals — Formation of alkoxides and hydrogen gas
  16. Alcohol Esterification — Forming esters from alcohols and carboxylic acids
  17. Conversion of Alcohols to Halides — Activation of hydroxyl and substitution outcomes
  18. Dehydration of Alcohols — Acid-promoted alkene formation and conditions
  19. Dehydration Mechanisms — Carbocations, rearrangements and E2-like pathways
  20. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols — Aldehyde and carboxylic-acid product control
  21. Oxidation of Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols — Ketone formation and resistance of tertiary centers
  22. Phenol Preparation Routes — Aryl diazonium and industrial phenol formation concepts
  23. Electrophilic Substitution of Phenol — Ortho and para directing influence of hydroxyl
  24. Bromination and Nitration of Phenol — Activated aromatic substitution and conditions
  25. Phenol Reactions and Recognition — Characteristic acidity and electrophilic substitution tests
  26. Ether Preparation by Williamson Synthesis — SN2 reaction of alkoxides with alkyl halides
  27. Choosing Partners for Williamson Synthesis — Steric control and avoiding elimination
  28. Acidic Cleavage of Ethers — Breaking C–O bonds with strong hydrogen halides
  29. Epoxides as Cyclic Ethers — Ring strain and nucleophilic opening
  30. Alcohol and Phenol Spectroscopic Clues — Recognizing O–H and C–O signals conceptually
  31. Polyhydric Alcohols — Diols, triols and multiple hydrogen-bonding sites
  32. Everyday Uses and Responsible Handling — Solvents, fuels and phenol-specific hazards
  33. Functional Group Interconversions — Planning alcohol, phenol and ether transformations
  34. Alcohol, Phenol and Ether Misconceptions — Auditing acidity, oxidation and substitution predictions
  35. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Review — Integrating structure, preparation and reaction selectivity