Amines and Diazonium Salts

25 lessons, pages 2346–2370.

  1. Amines as Organic Nitrogen Bases — Nitrogen lone pair, ammonia relationship and course scope
  2. Classifying Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines — Number of carbon groups directly attached to nitrogen
  3. Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines — Alkyl versus aryl attachment and the aniline example
  4. Naming Simple Amines — Parent-chain names, N-substituents and common names
  5. Amine Shape and Hydrogen Bonding — Trigonal-pyramidal nitrogen, inversion and intermolecular forces
  6. Solubility and Boiling Trends of Amines — Hydrogen bonding, carbon-chain size and ammonium salts
  7. Amine Basicity in Water — Proton acceptance, conjugate-acid pKa and equilibrium
  8. Alkyl Substituents and Basicity — Electron donation, steric effects and aqueous solvation
  9. Why Aniline Is Less Basic — Nitrogen lone-pair delocalisation into an aromatic ring
  10. Substituents on Aromatic Amine Basicity — Electron-withdrawing and electron-donating ring groups
  11. Amines Versus Amides — Carbonyl resonance and diminished amide nitrogen basicity
  12. Ammonium Salt Formation and Separation — Acid-base extraction and recovery of free amines
  13. Preparing Amines by Substitution — Ammonia or amine attack on suitable alkyl halides
  14. Preparing Amines by Reduction — Nitro-group reduction and reductive amination concepts
  15. Nucleophilic Reactions of Amines — Lone-pair attack, alkylation and overalkylation limits
  16. Acylation of Amines — Primary and secondary amines forming amides
  17. Aniline and Aromatic Substitution — Strong ring activation, directing effects and protonation caveats
  18. Primary Aromatic Amines and Nitrous Acid — Conceptual conversion to arenediazonium salts
  19. Diazonium Ion Structure and Stability — Ar–N₂⁺ connectivity, cold solutions and aryl versus alkyl distinction
  20. Diazonium Substitution Pathways — Replacing the diazonium group with selected substituents
  21. Azo Coupling with Phenols — Electrophilic aromatic substitution by arenediazonium ions
  22. Azo Coupling with Arylamines — Ring activation, para preference and pH effects
  23. Azo Dyes and Conjugation — Ar–N=N–Ar structures, visible absorption and dye design
  24. Amine and Diazonium Conversion Problems — Choosing justified routes from nitroarenes through diazonium chemistry
  25. Amines and Diazonium Salts Review — Integrated classification, basicity, reactions and coupling