Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

30 lessons, pages 1501–1530.

  1. Chemical Quantities and Measurement — Choosing measured quantities, units and chemical entities
  2. Significant Figures in Chemical Data — Precision from measured values and exact counts
  3. Dimensional Analysis as a Calculation Method — Unit cancellation across multi-step chemistry problems
  4. Law of Conservation of Mass — Closed-system mass balance in chemical reactions
  5. Law of Definite Proportions — Fixed elemental mass ratios within a pure compound
  6. Law of Multiple Proportions — Small whole-number mass ratios across distinct compounds
  7. Combining Volumes of Reacting Gases — Simple gas-volume ratios at matching conditions
  8. Avogadro's Gas Hypothesis — Equal gas volumes and equal molecule counts under matching conditions
  9. Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes — Weighted average masses on the carbon-12 scale
  10. Molecular and Formula Mass — Adding atomic masses for molecules and ionic formula units
  11. Amount of Substance and the Mole — The specified-entity count defined by the SI mole
  12. The Avogadro Constant — Converting moles into particle counts and back
  13. Molar Mass and Mass Conversion — Relating grams and moles for a named formula
  14. Counting Atoms in Compound Amounts — Formula subscripts as mole ratios within one substance
  15. Gas Amount and Molar Volume — Using a volume per mole only at stated temperature and pressure
  16. Percentage Composition — Element mass fraction from chemical formula
  17. Empirical Formulas from Composition — Converting masses or percentages to simplest integer ratios
  18. Molecular Formulas from Empirical Mass — Whole-number multiplier from a measured molar mass
  19. Combustion Analysis — Deriving carbon and hydrogen amounts from products
  20. Balanced Equations as Amount Maps — Reading reaction coefficients as mole ratios
  21. Mass-to-Mass Stoichiometry — Grams to moles to reaction moles to grams
  22. Limiting Reagent and Excess — Comparing available amount with balanced requirements
  23. Theoretical and Percentage Yield — Ideal product maximum versus measured recovery
  24. Purity in Reaction Calculations — Separating sample mass from reactive compound mass
  25. Mass Percent in Solutions — Solute mass relative to total solution mass
  26. Molarity and Dilution — Moles per final litre and conserved-solute preparation
  27. Molality and Solvent Mass — Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
  28. Mole Fraction of Mixtures — Component moles divided by total component moles
  29. Mixed Basic-Concepts Problem Set — Selecting measurements, formulas, reaction ratios and concentration bases
  30. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry: Unit Review — Integrating combination laws, mole calculations and solution composition