Hydrocarbons

40 lessons, pages 1986–2025.

  1. Hydrocarbon Families and Formulas — Classifying alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes
  2. Alkane Structure and Sigma Bonds — Tetrahedral carbon and saturated carbon frameworks
  3. Naming Branched Alkanes — Selecting the parent chain and numbering substituents
  4. Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes — Different carbon connectivity at one molecular formula
  5. Physical Properties of Alkanes — Intermolecular forces, boiling points and solubility
  6. Sources and Preparation of Alkanes — Petroleum fractions and laboratory reduction routes
  7. Alkane Combustion — Complete and incomplete oxidation of hydrocarbons
  8. Free-Radical Halogenation of Alkanes — Initiation, propagation and termination in substitution
  9. Ethane Conformations — Staggered and eclipsed arrangements about a C–C bond
  10. Butane Conformations — Anti, gauche and eclipsed Newman projections
  11. Cycloalkane Rings and Strain — Bond-angle and torsional effects in small rings
  12. Cyclohexane Chair Conformation — Axial and equatorial bonds and ring flipping
  13. Alkene Structure and Pi Bonding — Planar double-bond carbons and restricted rotation
  14. Alkene Nomenclature and Position Isomers — Locating the carbon-carbon double bond in a parent chain
  15. Geometric Isomerism of Alkenes — Different substituent arrangements across a double bond
  16. Alkene Stability and Substitution — Comparing substituted double bonds and heat of hydrogenation
  17. Preparation of Alkenes — Elimination routes and reaction conditions
  18. Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes — Pi-electron attack and bond formation across a double bond
  19. Hydrogen Halide Addition to Alkenes — Regioselectivity and carbocation pathway
  20. Markovnikov Orientation — Predicting products from unsymmetrical alkene addition
  21. Peroxide Effect in HBr Addition — Radical-chain anti-Markovnikov addition under suitable conditions
  22. Alkene Hydration and Alcohol Formation — Acid-catalyzed addition of water and product orientation
  23. Alkene Halogenation and Halohydrins — Addition of halogen and halogen-water reagents
  24. Alkene Hydrogenation and Oxidation — Reduction to alkanes and selected oxidative transformations
  25. Alkene Polymerization — Addition polymer formation from double-bond monomers
  26. Alkyne Structure and Nomenclature — Linear triple-bond carbons and locating the bond
  27. Preparation of Alkynes — Double elimination and carbon-carbon bond formation routes
  28. Acidity of Terminal Alkynes — Acetylide formation and carbon hybridization
  29. Addition Reactions of Alkynes — Stepwise reactions across a carbon-carbon triple bond
  30. Hydration and Reduction of Alkynes — Carbonyl formation and selective hydrogenation
  31. Benzene Structure and Aromaticity — Cyclic conjugation and delocalized pi electrons
  32. Huckel Rule and Aromatic Systems — Four-n-plus-two pi electron criterion and its conditions
  33. Aromatic Stabilization and Benzene Reactivity — Why substitution is favored over ordinary addition
  34. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution — Electrophile attack, sigma complex and aromaticity restoration
  35. Nitration and Halogenation of Benzene — Electrophile generation and aromatic substitution products
  36. Sulfonation and Friedel-Crafts Reactions — Introducing sulfonyl, alkyl and acyl groups to benzene
  37. Directing Effects in Aromatic Substitution — Ortho, meta and para orientation from existing substituents
  38. Activating and Deactivating Aromatic Groups — Electron donation, withdrawal and reaction rate
  39. Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Side-Chain Reactions — Toluene, fused rings and benzylic transformations
  40. Hydrocarbons Review and Synthesis — Connecting structure, naming, mechanisms and reactivity