Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles

45 lessons, pages 1941–1985.

  1. Scope and Language of Organic Chemistry — Carbon frameworks, functional groups and the structure–property approach
  2. Carbon Tetravalence and Chain Formation — Covalent connectivity, catenation and multiple bonds
  3. Representing Organic Structures — Molecular, condensed, displayed and skeletal formulas
  4. Reading Skeletal Formulas — Implicit carbons, hydrogens, heteroatoms and bond order
  5. Functional Groups as Reactive Sites — Recognising alcohols, carbonyls, acids, amines and halides
  6. Homologous Series and Property Trends — Successive CH₂ units, physical trends and chemical similarities
  7. Classifying Carbon Atoms and Hydrogens — Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon environments
  8. Isomerism from Molecular Formula — Constitutional and stereochemical possibilities from connectivity
  9. Chain, Position and Functional Isomerism — Comparing constitutional isomers with fixed molecular formula
  10. Naming Straight-Chain Organic Parents — Carbon-count stems, saturation suffixes and principal chains
  11. Choosing the Longest Parent Chain — Selecting a continuous chain that includes the principal group
  12. Numbering Chains and Locants — Giving low positions to principal groups and multiple bonds
  13. Naming Branched Alkanes — Substituent prefixes, repeated groups and alphabetic ordering
  14. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes — Locating carbon–carbon double and triple bonds
  15. Naming Haloalkanes and Alcohols — Halo substituents and hydroxyl suffix or prefix choices
  16. Naming Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids — Carbonyl principal groups, suffixes and carbon-one placement
  17. Naming Amines, Ethers and Esters — Common functional-class patterns and systematic names
  18. Functional-Group Priority in Naming — Selecting suffix and prefix roles when groups coexist
  19. IUPAC Name-to-Structure Practice — Reconstructing connectivity and checking valence from locants
  20. IUPAC Structure-to-Name Practice — Choosing parent, numbering and substituent order in mixed examples
  21. Sigma Bonds, Pi Bonds and Rotation — Local orbital geometry and restricted rotation in organic molecules
  22. Bond Polarity and Reaction Centres — Partial charges in C–X, C–O and carbonyl bonds
  23. The Inductive Effect — Sigma-bond polarisation transmitted through a carbon framework
  24. Electron-Withdrawing and Donating Inductive Groups — Qualitative +I and −I comparisons in substituted chains
  25. Inductive Effects and Acidity — Stabilising conjugate bases through nearby substituents
  26. Inductive Effects and Basicity — Electron density at basic sites with solvent limitations
  27. Resonance in Organic Structures — Electron delocalisation across conjugated p orbitals
  28. Drawing Valid Resonance Contributors — Moving electron pairs without changing the atomic skeleton
  29. Resonance Effects of Substituents — Electron donation and withdrawal through a conjugated system
  30. Conjugation and Stability — Adjacent pi systems and energetic consequences of delocalisation
  31. Hyperconjugation as a Model — Sigma-to-p or sigma-to-pi donation in suitable geometries
  32. Electrophiles and Nucleophiles — Electron-pair acceptors and donors in organic transformations
  33. Curved Arrows and Electron Movement — Pair-flow notation, bond making and bond breaking
  34. Homolytic and Heterolytic Cleavage — Radical versus ionic products from bond breaking
  35. Carbocations and Their Stability — Electron-deficient carbon, substitution and resonance effects
  36. Carbanions and Their Stability — Lone-pair carbon, substituent effects and resonance stabilisation
  37. Carbon Radicals and Their Stability — Odd-electron carbon intermediates and delocalisation
  38. Comparing Reactive Intermediates — Charge, electron count, geometry and stabilising effects
  39. Addition, Substitution and Elimination — Classifying organic reaction outcomes by bond changes
  40. Mechanism Steps and Energy Profiles — Intermediates, transition states and rate-limiting barriers
  41. Qualitative Organic Reaction Prediction — Matching polar sites, reagents and plausible bond changes
  42. Purifying Organic Compounds — Crystallisation, distillation and chromatography by physical properties
  43. Checking Purity and Identity — Melting, boiling and chromatographic evidence with limitations
  44. Organic Basics Integrated Problems — Combining nomenclature, electronic effects and intermediate reasoning
  45. Organic Chemistry Basic Principles Review — A unified workflow from structure to nomenclature and reactivity