p-Block Elements

50 lessons, pages 1891–1940.

  1. Mapping the p-Block — Groups 13–18 and the ns²np¹ to ns²np⁶ outer patterns
  2. p-Block Configurations and Valence — Using group position to read main-group outer electrons
  3. Trends Within the p-Block — Size, electronegativity and metallic character across and down
  4. Variable Oxidation States and Inert-Pair Trends — Why heavier p-block members can stabilize lower oxidation states
  5. Group Thirteen Overview — Boron family configurations, common compounds and changing metallic character
  6. Why Boron Differs from Aluminium — Small size, covalent bonding and electron deficiency
  7. Boranes and Electron-Deficient Bonds — Using diborane to introduce bridging hydrogen and multicentre bonding
  8. Boric Acid and Borates — Lewis-acid behavior of boric acid in water
  9. Borax and Boron Chemistry — Hydrated sodium tetraborate and its acid-base behavior
  10. Aluminium as a p-Block Metal — Oxide protection, common +3 compounds and material properties
  11. Amphoteric Aluminium Oxide — Reactions of alumina with acid and strong base
  12. Aluminium Halides and Lewis Acidity — Electron-pair acceptance and dimerization in aluminium chloride
  13. Group Fourteen Overview — Carbon-family configurations and +4 versus +2 oxidation states
  14. Carbon and Silicon Contrasted — Small-atom multiple bonds versus silicon networks
  15. Catenation and Allotropy — Element-element bonding and multiple structural forms
  16. Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide — Bonding, oxidation states and contrasting chemical behavior
  17. Silicon Dioxide Networks — Tetrahedral covalent network and acidic-oxide behavior
  18. Silicates and Structural Units — Linking SiO₄ tetrahedra into mineral frameworks
  19. Silicones and Si–O Backbones — Organosilicon polymers and structure-property links
  20. Tin and Lead Oxidation States — Heavier group-fourteen +2 and +4 compounds
  21. Group Fifteen Overview — Pnictogen ns²np³ pattern and changing chemistry down the group
  22. Nitrogen's Distinctive Chemistry — Small size, strong multiple bonding and limited valence shell
  23. Dinitrogen Structure and Reactivity — Strong N≡N bonding and activation requirements
  24. Ammonia Structure and Basicity — Lone-pair geometry and proton acceptance in water
  25. The Haber Process — Equilibrium, pressure, temperature and catalyst in ammonia synthesis
  26. Oxides of Nitrogen — Common nitrogen oxide formulas and oxidation-state differences
  27. Nitric Acid and Nitrate Chemistry — Strong-acid behavior and oxidizing reactions with limits
  28. Phosphorus Allotropes — White, red and black phosphorus structure and stability
  29. Phosphorus Chlorides — PCl₃ and PCl₅ shapes, hydrolysis and oxidation states
  30. Oxoacids of Phosphorus — P–H and P–OH bonds, basicity and oxidation-state bookkeeping
  31. Group Sixteen Overview — Chalcogen ns²np⁴ patterns and changing metallic character
  32. Oxygen and Sulfur Contrasted — Small oxygen orbitals versus sulfur catenation and oxidation states
  33. Dioxygen and Ozone — Allotropic molecules, geometry and bond descriptions
  34. Ozone as an Oxidizing Agent — Ozone decomposition and selected oxidation reactions
  35. Sulfur Allotropes and Ring Structures — S₈ rings, crystalline forms and temperature effects
  36. Sulfur Dioxide Chemistry — Acidic-oxide behavior and redox roles
  37. Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid — Hydration, acid behavior and the Contact-process context
  38. Oxoacids of Sulfur — Sulfurous, sulfuric and related oxyacid formula reasoning
  39. Group Seventeen Overview — Halogen ns²np⁵ structure and common −1 salts
  40. Halogen Physical Trends — Diatomic size, color and boiling-point changes
  41. Halogen Oxidizing Strength — Comparing F₂, Cl₂, Br₂ and I₂ in stated media
  42. Halogen Displacement Reactions — Balanced redox equations for halogen-halide exchange
  43. Hydrogen Halides and Acid Strength — Bond strength, aqueous dissociation and HF exception
  44. Chlorine in Water — Hydrolysis equilibrium and hypochlorous-acid formation
  45. Bleaching and Disinfection Chemistry — Oxidation by chlorine-derived species with pH dependence
  46. Interhalogen Compounds — XY, XY₃, XY₅ and XY₇ formulas and molecular shapes
  47. Oxoacids of Chlorine — Hypochlorous through perchloric formulas and oxidation states
  48. Group Eighteen Patterns — Filled valence shells, physical trends and qualified inertness
  49. Xenon Fluorides and Oxides — Noble-gas compounds, oxidation states and simple shapes
  50. p-Block Elements: Unit Review — Connecting group trends, distinctive compounds and predictive reasoning