States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

30 lessons, pages 1686–1715.

  1. Gas Variables and Measured State — Pressure, volume, temperature and amount as a gas-state description
  2. Pressure from Particle Collisions — Force per area and the molecular picture of gas pressure
  3. Temperature Scales for Gas Problems — Kelvin conversion and absolute temperature in gas laws
  4. Boyle's Law at Fixed Temperature — Inverse pressure-volume relation for a fixed gas amount
  5. Charles's Law at Fixed Pressure — Volume proportional to absolute temperature
  6. Pressure-Temperature Gas Law — Pressure proportional to Kelvin temperature at fixed volume
  7. Avogadro's Law for Gas Volume — Volume proportional to amount at fixed pressure and temperature
  8. Combined Gas Law — Changing pressure, volume and temperature with fixed amount
  9. Ideal Gas Equation — Using PV = nRT with consistent units
  10. Selecting and Converting Gas Constants — Matching R units to pressure and volume data
  11. Gas Density and Molar Mass — Deriving density and molar mass from the ideal gas law
  12. Gas Volumes in Chemical Reactions — Connecting stoichiometric moles to measured gas volumes
  13. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures — Adding ideal-gas component pressures in mixtures
  14. Mole Fraction and Partial Pressure — Using composition to find each ideal-gas pressure
  15. Gas Collected over Water — Subtracting water-vapour pressure from total pressure
  16. Kinetic Molecular Theory — Assumptions connecting ideal-gas behavior to particles
  17. Molecular Speed and Temperature — Average kinetic energy and rms speed trends
  18. Distribution of Molecular Speeds — Reading Maxwell-Boltzmann curves qualitatively
  19. Diffusion and Effusion — Gas spreading and passage through a small opening
  20. Graham's Law of Effusion — Square-root molar-mass comparison under matching conditions
  21. Limits of the Ideal Gas Model — Finite particle size and intermolecular attractions
  22. Compressibility Factor — Interpreting Z = PV/nRT for real gases
  23. Van der Waals Corrections — Qualitative pressure and volume corrections for real gases
  24. Liquefaction and Critical Temperature — Cooling, compression and the critical-state boundary
  25. Intermolecular Forces in Liquids — Attractions and liquid cohesion compared with gases
  26. Vapour Pressure of a Pure Liquid — Dynamic equilibrium above a liquid in a closed container
  27. Boiling and External Pressure — Boiling when vapour pressure equals surrounding pressure
  28. Surface Tension and Viscosity — Distinct liquid properties linked to molecular interactions
  29. Gas-Law Data Interpretation — Checking plots, units, assumptions and physical plausibility
  30. States of Matter: Integrated Review — Linking gas laws, kinetic theory, real gases and liquids