Analytical Chemistry

50 lessons, pages 3421–3470.

  1. What Is Analytical Chemistry? — Qualitative and quantitative questions about matter
  2. The Analytical Process: From Sample to Result — Defining the problem, measuring and reporting
  3. Sampling and Sample Preparation — Representative samples, dissolution and pretreatment
  4. Accuracy, Precision and Trueness — What makes a result reliable
  5. Systematic and Random Errors — Sources of error and how to detect them
  6. Significant Figures and Measurement Uncertainty — Reporting results honestly
  7. Volumetric Glassware and Its Tolerances — Burettes, pipettes and volumetric flasks
  8. Principles of Titrimetry — Titrant, analyte, equivalence point and end point
  9. Primary Standards and Standardisation — Properties of a primary standard and standard solutions
  10. Acid–Base Titration Calculations — Moles, stoichiometry and concentration
  11. Acid–Base Indicators and Their Selection — Indicator equilibria and transition ranges
  12. pH Titration Curves — Strong and weak acid–base curve shapes
  13. Titrating Weak and Polyprotic Acids — Buffer regions, half-equivalence and multiple end points
  14. Back Titrations — Analysing insoluble or slow-reacting samples
  15. Redox Titrations with Permanganate and Dichromate — Self-indicating titrants and electron stoichiometry
  16. Iodometric and Iodimetric Titrations — Iodine, thiosulfate and starch indicator
  17. Complexometric Titrations with EDTA — Metal–EDTA complexes, pH control and metallochromic indicators
  18. Precipitation Titrations: Argentometry — Mohr, Volhard and Fajans methods for halides
  19. Instrumental End-Point Detection — Potentiometric and conductometric titrations
  20. Titrimetry Problem Solving — Multi-step titration calculations
  21. Principles of Gravimetric Analysis — Measuring an analyte by mass
  22. Precipitation, Nucleation and Crystal Growth — Relative supersaturation and particle size
  23. Coprecipitation and the Purity of Precipitates — Occlusion, inclusion, surface adsorption and digestion
  24. Filtering, Drying and Ignition — Converting a precipitate into a weighing form
  25. Gravimetric Factors and Calculations — From precipitate mass to analyte content
  26. Volatilisation Gravimetry and Thermogravimetry — Mass loss on heating and TGA curves
  27. Principles of Chromatography — Stationary and mobile phases and differential migration
  28. Partition, Adsorption and Distribution Coefficients — The equilibria behind separation
  29. Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography — Planar separations and visualising spots
  30. Retention Factors and Identification — Rf values, retention time and co-spotting
  31. Column Chromatography — Packing, elution and collecting fractions
  32. Gas Chromatography — Carrier gas, columns, temperature programming and detectors
  33. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography — Normal and reversed phase, gradients and UV detection
  34. Ion-Exchange and Size-Exclusion Chromatography — Separating by charge and by molecular size
  35. Band Broadening and the van Deemter Equation — Eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion and mass transfer
  36. Resolution, Plate Number and Plate Height — Measuring column efficiency and separation quality
  37. Quantitation in Chromatography — Peak areas, external calibration and internal standards
  38. Hyphenated Techniques: GC–MS and LC–MS — Combining separation with identification
  39. Mean, Standard Deviation and Relative Standard Deviation — Summarising replicate measurements
  40. The Normal Distribution and Confidence Intervals — Estimating the true value from a sample
  41. Propagation of Uncertainty — Combining uncertainties through calculations
  42. Student's t-Test: Comparing Means — Significance testing against a reference or between methods
  43. The F-Test: Comparing Precision — Testing whether two variances differ
  44. Detecting Outliers: Q and Grubbs Tests — When a suspect result may be rejected
  45. Calibration Curves and Linear Regression — Least squares, slope, intercept and correlation
  46. Limits of Detection and Quantification — Blanks, signal-to-noise and sensitivity
  47. Method Validation and Quality Control — Reference materials, control charts and good practice
  48. Choosing an Analytical Method — Comparing titrimetry, gravimetry and chromatography
  49. Case Study: Analysing a Real Sample — Combining techniques and statistics in one investigation
  50. Analytical Chemistry: Unit Review — Titrimetry, gravimetry, chromatography and data quality